Cryptography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cryptography - Research Paper Example The development of c is done so that there are components which are excess in it. This will, hence, empower the beneficiary to reproduce c regardless of whether a few bits of c are adulterated by commotion; the collector will in the end remake m (Gary 93). In a conventional way, a blunder revising code is made out of a set, C? {0, 1} n of codewords. This set has strings which empowers messages to be mapped in it before they are transmitted. For this situation, a code that will be utilized for k-bit messages, C will have 2k components which are particular. So that there is some excess, there will be a need to have n>k. codes that are utilized for amending mistakes can be characterized in spaces which are non-twofold as well and this paper has development which is direct and extensible in these non-parallel spaces (Denning 72). For blunder remedying codes to be utilized, there will be a requirement for capacities that will empower us to encode and decipher messages. In this paper we will let M = {0, 1}k be a portrayal of the space message. There is an interpretation work, g : M C, which speak to a coordinated mapping capacity of messages to codewords. This means g is the mapping that is utilized before the transmission happens. Then again, g-1 is the capacity that is utilized after accepting of messages to recover codes in the codeword. There is a capacity, alluded to as unraveling capacity that is utilized for mapping n-bits that are subjective to codewords. This is the capacity, f : {0, 1}1 C U {O}. In the event that the f work is fruitful, it will figure out how to delineate given string which has n-bits x to the closest codeword that is found in C (that is, the closeness to proximity in Hamming separation). In the event that this not the situation, at that point f will come up short and the yield will be O3. The strength that a mistake adjusting code has will rely upon the separation between the codewords. To make this increasingly unequivocal, we will req uire some essential documentation that respect strings of the paired digits. For this case, we will utilize + and †to speak to bitwise XOR administrator on the bit strings. We will utilize an estimation Hamming weight, which is the quantity of ‘1’ bits that are found in u. The Hamming weight is indicated by ||u|| (this is the heaviness of a string which has n strings). The Hamming weight has an exact meaning of the quantity of ‘l’ bits that are found in u. In a similar point of view, the Hamming separation that is found between two strings, u and v is characterized as the quantity of digits that make two strings to appear as something else (Gary 62). In an identical way, the Hamming separation will be equivalent to ||u - v||. We ordinarily take it that a capacity that is utilized for unraveling, that is work f, will have an amendment edge with a size of t on the off chance that it can address any arrangement of t bit blunders. In a progressively clear way, for any codeword c â‚ ¬ C, and any blunder term e â‚ ¬ {0, 1}n, that has || e ||? t, this is the situation that f(c+e) = c. for this situation, we will respect C to have an adjustment edge which has a size of t if there is a capacity f for C for t, which additionally has a rectification edge of size t. there is an a perception that the separation that is found between two codewords in C ought to have a separation of in any event 2t + 1. The area of a codeword c is characterized to be f-1 (c). This implies the area of c has a subset of strings that are n-bit long where f maps to c. the capacity that is utilized for unraveling, that is work f, is set so that f-1(c) has a nearness to c that some other code word that

Second Seminole War, 1835-1842

Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 Having endorsed the Adams-Onã ­s Treaty in 1821, the United States authoritatively bought Florida from Spain. Taking control, American authorities finished up the Treaty of Moultrie Creek two years after the fact which set up a huge reservation in focal Florida for the Seminoles. By 1827, most of the Seminoles had moved to the booking and Fort King (Ocala) was developed close by under the direction of Colonel Duncan L. Secure. Despite the fact that the following five years were generally quiet, some started to require the Seminoles to be moved west of the Mississippi River. This was somewhat determined by issues rotating around the Seminoles giving asylum to got away from slaves, a gathering that got known as the Black Seminoles. Also, the Seminoles were progressively leaving the booking as chasing on their territories was poor. Seeds of Conflict With an end goal to take out the Seminole issue, Washington passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which required their migration west. Meeting at Paynes Landing, FL in 1832, authorities talked about migration with the main Seminole boss. Going to an understanding, the Treaty of Paynes Landing expressed that the Seminoles would move if a gathering of boss concurred that the terrains in the west were appropriate. Visiting the terrains close to the Creek Reservation, the gathering concurred and marked a report expressing that the grounds were satisfactory. Coming back to Florida, they immediately repudiated their past proclamation and guaranteed they had been compelled to sign the record. Regardless of this, the settlement was approved by the US Senate and the Seminoles were given three years complete their turn. The Seminoles Attack In October 1834, the Seminole boss educated the specialist at Fort King, Wiley Thompson, that they had no aim of moving. While Thompson started getting reports that the Seminoles were gathering weapons, Clinch alarmed Washington that power might be required to force the Seminoles to move. After further conversations in 1835, a portion of the Seminole boss consented to move, anyway the most impressive cannot. With the circumstance falling apart, Thompson remove the offer of weapons to the Seminoles. As the year advanced, minor assaults started happening around Florida. As these heightened, the domain started planning for war. In December, with an end goal to strengthen Fort King, the US Army coordinated Major Francis Dade to take two organizations north from Fort Brooke (Tampa). As they walked, they were shadowed by the Seminoles. On December 28, the Seminoles assaulted, executing everything except two of Dades 110 men. That equivalent day, a gathering drove by the warrior Osceola tra pped and killed Thompson. Gaines Response Accordingly, Clinch moved south and faced an uncertain conflict with the Seminoles on December 31 close to their base in the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. As the war immediately heightened, Major General Winfield Scott was accused of disposing of the Seminole danger. His first activity was to coordinate Brigadier General Edmund P. Gaines to assault with a power of around 1,100 regulars and volunteers. Showing up at Fort Brooke from New Orleans, Gaines troops started moving towards Fort King. En route, they covered the assortments of Dades order. Showing up at Fort King, they thought that it was lacking in provisions. In the wake of deliberating with Clinch, who was based at Fort Drane toward the north, Gaines chose for come back to Fort Brooke by means of the Cove of the Withlacoochee River. Moving along the waterway in February, he drew in the Seminoles in mid-February. Unfit to progress and knowing there were no provisions at Fort King, he chose for invigorate his position. Fixe d in, Gaines was saved toward the beginning of March by Clinchs men who had descended from Fort Drane (Map). Scott in the Field With Gaines disappointment, Scott chose for assume responsibility for tasks face to face. A legend of the War of 1812, he arranged a huge scope crusade against the Cove which called for 5,000 men in three segments to strike the zone in show. Despite the fact that each of the three segments should be set up on March 25, delays followed and they were not prepared until March 30. Going with a segment drove by Clinch, Scott entered the Cove however found that the Seminole towns had been relinquished. Short on provisions, Scott pulled back to Fort Brooke. As the spring advanced, Seminole assaults and the frequency of malady expanded convincing the US Army to pull back from key posts, for example, Forts King and Drane. Trying to reverse the situation, Governor Richard K. Call took the field with a power of volunteers in September. While an underlying effort up the Withlacoochee fizzled, a second in November saw him draw in the Seminoles in the Battle of Wahoo Swamp. Unfit to progress durin g the battling, Call fell back to Volusia, FL. Jesup in Command On December 9, 1836, Major General Thomas Jesup eased Call. Successful in the Creek War of 1836, Jesup tried to granulate down the Seminoles and his powers at last expanded to around 9,000 men. Working related to the US Navy and Marine Corps, Jesup started to turn American fortunes. On January 26, 1837, American powers won a triumph at Hatchee-Lustee. Presently, the Seminole boss drew closer Jesup in regards to a détente. Meeting in March, an understanding was arrived at which would permit the Seminoles to move west with their negroes, [and] their real property. As the Seminoles came into camps, they were addressed by slave catchers and obligation authorities. With relations again intensifying, two Seminole pioneers, Osceola and Sam Jones, showed up and drove away around 700 Seminoles. Infuriated by this, Jesup continued activities and started sending assaulting parties into Seminole domain. Over the span of these, his men caught the pioneers King Philip and Uchee Billy. With an end goal to finish up the issue, Jesup started depending on dishonesty to catch Seminole pioneers. In October, he captured King Philips child, Coacoochee, subsequent to constraining his dad to compose a letter mentioning a gathering. That equivalent month, Jesup masterminded a gathering with Osceola and Coa Hadjo. In spite of the fact that the two Seminole pioneers showed up under a banner of ceasefire, they were immediately taken prisoner. While Osceola would bite the dust of jungle fever three months after the fact, Coacoochee got away from bondage. Later that fall, Jesup utilized a designation of Cherokees to draw out extra Seminole pioneers so they could be captured. Simultaneously, Jesup attempted to construct a huge military power. Separated into three segments, he looked to compel the rest of the Seminoles south. One of these sections, drove by Colonel Zachary Taylor experienced a solid Seminole power, drove by Alligator, on Christmas Day. Assaulting, Taylor won a blee ding triumph at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee. As Jesups powers joined together and proceeded with their crusade, a consolidated Army-Navy power faced an unpleasant conflict at Jupiter Inlet on January 12, 1838. Compelled to fall back, their retreat was secured by Lieutenant Joseph E. Johnston. After twelve days, Jesups armed force won triumph close by at the Battle of Loxahatchee. The next month, driving Seminole boss drew nearer Jesup and offered to quit battling whenever given a booking in southern Florida. While Jesup supported this methodology, it was declined by the War Department and he was requested to keep battling. As countless Seminoles had assembled around his camp, he educated them regarding Washingtons choice and immediately kept them. Tired of the contention, Jesup requested to be calmed and was supplanted by Taylor, who was elevated to brigadier general, in May. Taylor Takes Charge Working with diminished powers, Taylor tried to ensure northern Florida so pilgrims could come back to their homes. With an end goal to make sure about the district, the developed a progression of little strongholds associated by streets. While these secured American pioneers, Taylor utilized bigger arrangements to search out the rest of the Seminoles. This methodology was to a great extent fruitful and battling calmed during the last piece of 1838. With an end goal to finish up the war, President Martin Van Buren dispatched Major General Alexander Macomb to make harmony. After a moderate beginning, dealings at long last delivered a harmony arrangement on May 19, 1839 which took into consideration a booking in southern Florida. The harmony held for barely two months and finished when Seminoles assaulted Colonel William Harneys order at an exchanging post along the Caloosahatchee River on July 23. In the wake of this episode, assaults and ambushes of American soldiers and pilgrims con tinued. In May 1840, Taylor was conceded an exchange and supplanted with Brigadier General Walker K. Armistead. Expanding the Pressure Attacking, Armistead crusaded in the late spring regardless of the climate and danger of malady. Striking at Seminole yields and settlements, he looked to deny them of provisions and food. Turning over the barrier of northern Florida to the civilian army, Armistead kept on constraining the Seminoles. In spite of a Seminole assault on Indian Key in August, American powers proceeded with the hostile and Harney led a fruitful assault into the Everglades in December. Notwithstanding military action, Armistead utilized an arrangement of pay-offs and affectations to persuade different Seminole pioneers to take their groups west. Giving activities to Colonel William J. Worth in May 1841, Armistead left Florida. Proceeding Armisteads arrangement of assaults throughout that late spring, Worth freed the Cove from the Withlacoochee and a lot of northern Florida. Catching Coacoochee on June 4, he utilized the Seminole chief to acquire the individuals who were standing up to. This demonstrated halfway effective. In November, US troops assaulted into the Big Cypress Swamp and consumed a few towns. With battling slowing down in mid 1842, Worth suggested leaving the rest of the Seminoles set up in the event that they would stay on a casual reservation in southern Florida. In August, Worth met with the Seminole heads and offered last affectations to migrate.

Sights, Sounds, Smells, Tastes, and Feels of IAP

Sights, Sounds, Smells, Tastes, and Feels of IAP Sights Las Vegas: At CES 2017, my friends and I networked with startup founders, rode an UberCHOPPER for free, and got into the TechCrunch afterparty. But my main reason for being there was to get more into virtual reality. I did that at both the Innovations Showcase and the Upload afterparty. There, I got to meet with virtual reality experts and learn more about the industrys future.     Washington DC:  While we were visiting one of our friends in DC, it turned out that one of my MIT frat brothers was also staying in DC, interning for the Department of Energy. So they took us around the city. During our adventure, we came across the Thomas Jefferson Memorial. Notice any similarities to other famous domes? After some googling, it seems that the construction of the two is unrelated (Thomas Jefferson Memorial by John Russell Pope and MIT Dome by MIT alumnus William Welles Bosworth). Interestingly, both architects were inspired by the Rome Pantheon and incorporated that in their design. New York: On our way back from DC, we stopped by in NYC to hang out with our Brown University friends, who were touring startups as part of their entrepreneurship program. We saw the Empire State Building and visited interesting companies around the city like Ellevest, 305 Fitness, and Fahrenheit 212.   Boston: Back at MIT, I also saw some interesting events, like the AR in Action conference: The MASLAB IAP Robotics Competition: The famous Nuts and Bolts IAP class, which I was taking: and the demo day for the virtual reality IAP class taught by [emailprotected]: Sounds At CES, my friends and I went to some free concerts by Lil Jon, Afrojack, and Alesso. A video posted by Erick Pinos (@erickpinos) on Jan 12, 2017 at 2:23pm PST A video posted by Erick Pinos (@erickpinos) on Jan 13, 2017 at 10:22pm PST A video posted by Erick Pinos (@erickpinos) on Jan 13, 2017 at 10:22pm PST In DC and New York, we blasted the radio on No Money during our Uber rides. A video posted by Erick Pinos (@erickpinos) on Feb 9, 2017 at 11:49am PST Smells Every semester, we switch around rooms in our fraternity to have new roommates and thus bond with more brothers. During this time, the house is filled with the smell of Scrubbing Bubbles and Pledge as we give the house and our rooms a deep cleaning. Itll be neat soon, I just moved in. As part of Orientation each fall, MIT freshmen are taken to the New England Aquarium. I went during my freshman year, and then I went again two years later as an orientation leader. Last weekend I went again just for fun. The smell of fish was strong around the aquarium, as feeding time has just happened for the penguins and the sea lions. Tastes Most MIT students arent on a meal plan for IAP. Since food is expensive, and cooking food takes a while, I wanted to try an experiment in Soylent, a meal replacement shake. I first tried one at HackMIT, then I tried it again at CES. For the month of January, I aimed to replace my breakfast and lunch with Soylent. So I bought a few bottles Soylent tastes like room temperature oatmeal cream with all the sugar sucked out. I started mixing them with hot chocolate and that improved the taste. I would bring one around campus and sip it throughout the day, and then I cooked back at the frat house for dinner. Surprisingly, Soylent made me savor the taste of food much more, like when I cooked some string beans and mushrooms pasta. I guess my tongue was so used to salty and sweet foods that, after not being exposed to it for a while, the slightest bit of salt would make something taste really salty. In New York, my friends and I tried an all you can eat sushi buffet (big mistake). I had octopus, squid, eel, mackerel, swordfish, and sockeye salmon for the first time. Halfway through, we started leaving the rice and eating only the fish to save room in our stomachs for more. But at the end, we picked up the menu and saw that for every piece left unfinished, we would be charged $1. We chowed down on the leftover rice that had accumulated. It was not fun. Since we were moving rooms in the fraternity, I went to a nearby IKEA for furniture shopping. But really, I was there for the food. When I went to IKEA growing up, my brothers and I would get the meatballs and French fries because we were kids and my parents got the salmon and vegetables because they were adults. Now that Im an adult, I proudly still ordered the meatballs and French fries. And lingonberry..I love lingonberry. Throughout IAP there was also free pizza.. free pizza everywhere. Feels Today is registration day for the spring semester. Today is the first day of classes of the spring semester. Today is the first snow day of the spring semester. It took me a while to finish this post, as IAP ended and classes started pretty quickly after that, plus having to move rooms in my fraternity. But the snow day today has been really good for my writing (and sleeping). I aint going out there (until the snowball fight starts) Its been a good IAP, full of spectacular sights, memorable sounds, familiar smells, and weird tastes. They say the most fun you have at MIT is when classe arent in session. As the semester settles in and I get back on a semi-regular schedule, I want to keep this momentum going in meeting people and building cool things as I get ready to graduate. Im really like my spring classes and am looking forward to this semester. Post Tagged #fraternities #photography #Skullhouse #snow #[emailprotected]

Human Anatomy Based On Dissection - 1356 Words

Art is word that most individuals have an idea, a mental category, of yet often fail to truly define. This is due to the fact that art is a term that has existed for thousands of years and thus its meaning and lexicography has changed drastically over the years based on endless factors. Art started off being defined as a craft, measured by the technical prowess of the artist and used as tool in the retelling of history or for religious practices and doctrine. From there, it evolved into a practice of replication, attempting to create the most realistic of images, particularly around the time of the renaissance, with the invention of linear perspective and a growing understanding of human anatomy based on dissection. In the renaissance, the more technically capable an artist is in recreating life, the more talented he is seen to be. However, movements like impressionism, a reaction to the invention of photography, now aimed for, not realism, but the capturing of the impression of the image, using colour and broad brushstrokes, giving pieces an unfinished look. Symbolism and expressionism aimed for a less literal view of the world. In reaction to freud’s interpretation of dreams, surrealism aimed to explore the creative potential of the human psyche, while the modernist movement resulted in art that can be as simple as painting squares on a canvas or signing your name on a urinal. A giant rock, misplaced, is now recognized as art. Erecting a giant curtain on a piece of landShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Human Dissection799 Words   |  4 Pageswere the major source of dissection in the 16th century. Human dissection was really difficult because there were a short supply of bodies used for dissection in the winter. Mainly because the majority of humans that were used for dissection or vivisection were executed criminals. â€Å"Anatomic knowledge had been passed down from ancient greek times but largely came from the writings of Galen. This is why it w as very impactful when Andreas Vesalius challenged Galenic anatomy in 1543.† (Gaynes,80) GalenRead More Anatomical Discoveries During the Renaissance Period926 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of the human anatomy have come a long way. Though if it weren’t for certain Anatomists, we may have not have had the right comprehension of the human body which could have led to errors in surgery and more deaths while treating patients. The Renaissance period was a time where Anatomists searched for clearer understanding of the human body. During the Renaissance period, Anatomists questioning and experimentation led to great discoveries of the human body. Wrong theories of the anatomy have beenRead MoreThe Human Body Has Changed Over 3000 Years Ago924 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of the human body has changed over 3,000 years ago. Many physicians based their findings primarily through intuitive thinking and ancient philosophers. The primary reason I chose this topic is because I love the anatomy and knowing all the organs, body parts, and the way the body functions. After my aunt was diagnose with type 2 diabetes, I had a strong desire to know, how could this be? I thought, â€Å"Why not know the history behind it and the science itself. What exactly caused it? WhatRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci Is Famous As A Painter, Sculptor And1213 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it du ring his lifetime. Anatomical studies were primarily for the purpose of better depiction of the human body and presumably went no further than a study of the superficial structures. Da Vinci’s acquaintance with anatomy in the beginningRead MoreAndreas Vesalius1643 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical school at the University of Louvain, where Vesalius started his medical studies in 1530. He matriculated as Andres van Wesel de Bruxella. In 1533 Vesalius transferred to the medical school of the University of Paris. One of his two teachers of anatomy there was Johann Guenther von Andernach, a personable man but a poor anatomist. The other was Jacobus Sylvius, who departed from tradition by giving some role to dissecting in anatomical instructions. Both teachers gave in their own ways a tellingRead MoreHow we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great curiosity1000 Words   |  4 PagesHow we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great curiosity of anyone interested in the medical field. Knowing the history can lead to even more discoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below. But here is where it all began†¦. The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th centuryRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe way man viewed the universe in which he lived, the world of nature that surrounded him and even his own physical anatomy changed right before him. Scientists, like Galileo, disproved the heliocentric model as new instruments like the telescope were invented. The way in which man saw his own physical anatomy changed when Andreas Vesalius completed detailed studies of the human body. Due to these new, groundbreaking studies man began to view himself as insignificant and as a machine. FirstRead MoreEssay on Greatest Anatomist2121 Words   |  9 Pagesknowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it during his lifetime. Anatomical studies were primarily for the purpose of better depiction of the human body and presumably went no further than a study of the superficial structures. Da Vinci’s acquaintance with anatomy in the beginningRead MoreThe Importance Of Humanism And Leonardo Da Vinci1114 Words   |  5 Pagesso many different disciplines. â€Å"Although Leonardo da Vinci endures as the quintessential polymath, the epitome of the â€Å"Renaissance Man† dabbling in a wide array of disciplines — art, architecture, cartography, mathematics, literature, engineering, anatomy, geology, music, sculpture, botany — his interest in science was anything but cursory or amateurish.† (brainpickings.org). He wanted to create new machines for a new world. He wanted to create better conditions for people. He applied his drawing andRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Leonardo Da Vincis The Dwarf1419 Words   |  6 Pagespaintings are based on the anatomical structure behind it. Da Vinci was interested in studying the formation of living things. He is fascinated by the human anatomy. â€Å"Leonardo learned anatomy initially from the old Greeks and Romans. Leonardo immersed himself in human post-mortem examinations. He critically examined 30 human corpses at a time when nobody was performing these examinations. He went from fetuses to babyhood to old age. He wanted to recognize each part of the human body, including

ARLT Chinese Imagination Essay - 1578 Words

Repay your love and friendship Chinese literature, for example, ancient poetry, lyrics, and traditional Chinese stories, reveals many different kinds of good personalities of people. According to a famous ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius ( ¿Ãƒâ€"Ãâ€"Ó), men are born to be kind (ÈËÃâ€" ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ µÃ‚ ©o à Ãƒâ€Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ€ ). Everyone has his or her own good qualities and sometimes they are just hidden and needed to be explored and discovered. In traditional China, people had a strong sense of repayment (ˆÃ ³Ã‚ ´Ãƒ °). People who do not have this ability to repay others who have helped them before are usually being looked down on. The sense of repayment is perhaps a product of a good friendship or love. And the boundary of love here in this case, is not only about the love†¦show more content†¦However, here Li Wa gives a speech which shows her decency and qualities of being, later, a noblewoman. She notices that it is totally her and her mother ¡Ã‚ ¯s fault which causes the young man to suffer and the broken relationship between the young man and his father. She has been devoted and respectful to her mother but she does not do this over the line. Li Wa does what she believes to be right and what she ought to do. She pays her mother for her freedom. However, she still offers to  ¡Ã‚ °live in a place close by, so that [they (Li Wa and the young man)] can still pay [their] respects to [her mother] daily. ¡  ± The author once again lets us see that Li Wa shows her filial piety to her so-called  ¡Ã‚ °mother ¡Ã‚ ± and that she does this as a repayment to her mother for being her  ¡Ã‚ °mother ¡Ã‚ ± for twenty years.  ¡Ã‚ °The Courtesan Li Wa ¡Ã‚ ± is a very clear and good example to show how repayment and filial piety are tied together.  ¡Ã‚ °The Leper Girl ¡Ã‚ ± is another story which is in the theme of filial piety. Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯en Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯i is a very positive and devoted character which shows filial piety. Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯en Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯i, with the help of the old man Ssu-kung who is Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯en Ch ¡Ã‚ ¯i ¡Ã‚ ¯s uncle ¡Ã‚ ¯s friend in Kwangtung, is introduced to Li-yu ¡Ã‚ ¯s family. He realizes that his personal background is not good enough to match Li-yu ¡Ã‚ ¯s family, so he first hesitates to even go there. Later he keeps himself very well-mannered and humble and asks for an absence of a short period of time after the marriage in order to transport hisShow MoreRelatedThe Origin Of The Dragon2970 Words   |  12 PagesJacob Rey Professor Ellen Oliveira ARLT – 100G 7 October 2014 Dragons Transformed Dragon have been predominant in many cultures for centuries. Its function may differ culture to culture but its identity has become a universal symbol; we all have the dragon in common. Dragons are everywhere and appear to be the most documented creature in all of ancient history, second to that of the human being (Isaacs 19). These magnificent creatures like any other monster have an origin. Scholars, however, debate

A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay Free Essays

string(43) " hurting caused by degenerative arthritis\." Loss of articular gristle, induration and eburnation of sub-chondral bone, osteophytes and sub-chondral cysts ( Keuttner and Goldberg 1995 ) . Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is the most common upset of the musculoskeletal system and is a effect of mechanical and biological events that destabilize tissue homeostasis in articular articulations. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) is presently defined by the American College of Rheumatology as a â€Å"heterogeneous group of conditions that leads to joint symptoms and marks which are associated with faulty unity of articular gristle, in add-on to related alterations in the underlying bone at the joint margins. We will write a custom essay sample on A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The etiology of OA is multi factorial, with inflammatory, metabolic, and mechanical causes. A figure of environmental hazard factors, such as fleshiness, business, and injuries, may originate assorted pathological tracts. OA indicates the devolution of articular gristle together with alterations in sub-chondral bone and mild intra-articular redness. Osteoarthritis ( OA ) has a really high prevalence among middle-aged and aged people and the disease is responsible for significant direct and indirect socioeconomic costs and the intervention options are few and unsatisfactory. The chief intervention aims are to command hurting adequately, better map, and cut down disablement. Acetaminophen is often used for diagnostic OA with mild to chair hurting. Non-steroidal anti, or manual therapy. The value of intercessions aimed at bettering map and maximising independency ( occupational therapy, walking AIDSs, and workplace version ) is besides ill-defined. The disease class and patient ‘s demands frequently change over clip, therefore necessitating a periodic reappraisal and readjustment of therapy instead than the stiff continuance of a individual intervention. The articulatio genus is one of the most normally affected articulations and patients present with a combination of hurting, malformation, redness, stiffness and musculus wasting. The essay reviews the electro magnetic therapy for handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis, analysing the underlying rule of what it is and how it works. The research literature on the topic has been exhaustively reviewed to pull a meaningful decision about the effectivity of the method. Electro Magnetic Therapy Electro magnetic therapy is a signifier of alternate medical specialty in which the disease is treated by using electro magnetic energy to the organic structure. Electro magnetic therapy is found to be successful in handling assorted signifiers of physical hurting. The assorted electro magnetic devices, including magnets are used worldwide to laminate hurting, to mend broken castanetss, to alleviate many signifiers of emphasis, and to alleviate symptoms affecting the skeleton and the articulations of the organic structure. The human organic structure produces really elusive electro magnetic Fieldss, which have been generated in the organic structure through chemical reaction within cells and ionic currents go throughing through the nervous system. In recent old ages scientists have been detecting more and more ways that electro magnetic Fieldss act upon the organic structure ‘s working both in a positive every bit good as a negative mode. These observations and other has led to the development of electro magnetic therapy. Osteoarthritis, which is besides known as Degenerative Arthritis, is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the devolution of the gristle located in the articulations. Osteoarthritis occurs due to loss of gristle and electro magnetic therapy is believed to excite gristle growing. This has led to the usage of electro magnetic therapy in handling articulatio genus degenerative arthritis. Critical Review Some research workers reported the successful direction of degenerative arthritis through controlled chondrocyte decease and programmed cell death, use of response to anabolic and katabolic stimulations and matrix synthesis or debasement and redness ( Fini et al. , 2005 ) . This comes under possible chondroprotective intervention. This intervention is considered to be the better attack relativAlthough many drugs o to medicate intervention as the bulk of them relieve hurting and addition map, but do non modify the complex pathological procedures that occur in these tissues. Contrary to this pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMFs ) surely show important physiological effects on cells and tissues by the upregulation of cistron look of members of the transforming growing factor beta ace household. This intervention besides has advantage over the traditional medical specialties as it increases glycosaminoglycan degrees, and an anti-inflammatory action. Hence there is a strong principle for the usage of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis as it involves the vivo usage of biophysical stimulation with PEMFs. Liu et al. , ( 1996 ) noticed the positive function of Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) as they influence the extracellular matrix metamorphosis of a diverse scope of skeletal tissues. The positive consequence of PEMF on the composing and molecular construction of gristle proteoglycans was good established which can be considered as strong principle for this therapy. One thing was made clear that PEMF intervention would n’t impact the DNA content of explants. However its function in stirred lift of glycosaminoglycan content in the explant and preservation of the tissue ‘s histological unity was good documented. Furthermore it was revealed that the PEMF intervention significantly suppressed both the debasement of preexistent glycosaminoglycans biosynthetically labeled in ovo and the synthesis of new [ 35S ] -sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Most noteworthy happening emerged out of this survey is that the exposure of embryologic biddy gristle explants to PEMF for 3 h/day maintained a balanced proteoglycan composing by down-regulating its turnover without impacting either molecular construction or map. Thamsborg et al. , ( 2005 ) besides investigated the effectivity of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss ( PEMF ) in the intervention of degenerative arthritis ( OA ) of the articulatio genus. The accent was chiefly given to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical test and.the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities ( WOMAC ) questionnaire. It was revealed that a important betterment in ADL ( Activities of daily larning ) , stiffness and hurting was recorded with PEMF-treated groups. One of the weak points that emerged out of this survey is that the betterment witnessed with PMEF is non important with elderly people. The principle for this survey is that the patients lt ; 65 old ages of age responded highly good to PMEF intervention in footings of reduced hurting caused by degenerative arthritis. You read "A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay" in category "Essay examples" No uncertainty, the positive function of electromagnetic therapy in hurting decrease is good established. The mechanism in which this hurting decrease occurs is as follows: Pain signals are transmitted along nerve cells to pre-synaptic terminuss. At these terminuss, channels in the cell alter due to a motion of ions. The membrane potency alterations, doing the release of a chemical sender from a synaptic cyst contained within the membrane. The hurting signal is chemically transferred across the synaptic spread to chemical receptors on the post-synaptic nervus cell. This all happens in about 1/2000th of a 2nd, as the synaptic spread is merely 20 to 50 nanometers broad. As the hurting signal, in chemical signifier, approaches the post-synaptic cell, the membrane alterations and the signal is transferred. If we look at the electromotive forces across the synaptic membrane so, under no hurting conditions, the degree is about -70 millivolt. When the hurting signal approaches the membrane potency additions to about +30 millivolt, it allows Na flow. This in bend triggers the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and so reassign the hurting signal across the synaptic spread or cleft. After the transmittal, the electromotive force reduces back to its normal quiescent degree until the following hurting signal arrives. The application of pulsed magnetic attraction to painful sites causes the membrane to be lowered to a hyper-polarization degree of about -90 millivolt. When a hurting signal is detected, the electromotive force must now be raised to a comparatively higher degree in order to fire the synaptic cysts. Since the mean alteration of potency required to make the trigger electromotive force of about +30 millivolt is +100 millivolt, the needed alteration is excessively great and merely +10 millivolt is attained. This electromotive force is by and large excessively low to do the synaptic cyst to let go of the chemical sender and therefore the hurting signal is blocked. The most effectual frequences that have been observed from research in order to do the above alterations to membrane potencies are a basal frequence of around 100Hz and pulse rate scenes of between 5 and 25Hz† . The Rationale Let us critically analyse the principle behind the efficaciousness and application of electro magnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis. The reappraisal of some most relevant research documents has been carried out to come to a valid decision. The function of electro magnetic therapy in cistron look ordinance was considered to be the chief principle ( Aaron et al. , 2004 ) . This cistron look happens in connective tissue cells for structural extracellular matrix ( ECM ) proteins ensuing in an addition in gristle and bone production. It was besides established that the electro magnetic therapy enhanced fix and a addition in mechanical belongingss of the mending tissues. The failing of the survey is that the biophysical interactions of electric and electromagnetic Fieldss at the cell membrane are non good understood and require considerable extra survey. It was besides noticed that the understanding physical interactions and transmembrane signaling will most probably be necessary to set up dosing paradigms and better curative efficaciousness. Most notably, considerable information has been generated on an intermediary mechanism of activity – growing factor stimulation. In short, electric and electromagnetic Fieldss increase cistron look for, and synthesis of, growing factors and this may work to magnify field effects through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Electric and electromagnetic Fieldss can bring forth a sustained upregulation of growing factors, which enhance, but do non disorganise endochondral bone formation. Another of import principle for utilizing electromagnetic therapy in intervention of degenerative arthritis is that it plays important function in chondrogenic distinction in endochondral ossification ( Coimbor et al. , 2002 ) . But it has to be applied in highly low frequence. The positive function of electro magnetic therapy was good established by the demineralized bone matrix ( DBM ) -induced endochondral ossification theoretical account. The electro magnetic therapy brought important alterations in [ 35S ] -Sulfate and [ 3H ] -thymidine incorporation and glycosaminoglycan ( GAG ) content. Bistolfi ( 2006 ) emphasized the importance of electro magnetic therapy in doing bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue degree, and at the cellular degree. It affects the operation of bone-forming cells, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nervus cells and endothelial and musculus cells. The strong principle behind the function of electro magnetic therapy lies in transduction phenomena happening in life affair. The chief drawback of this theory is that electromagnetic and mechanical signals are non ever interchangeable, depending on their several strength. One theory on efficaciousness of electromagnetic theory in cut downing the hurting caused due to osteoarthritis provinces that the elderly animate beings may non react good. However, it was proved incorrectly as some research probes conducted on Guinea hogs revealed that the pulsed electromagnetic field ( PEMF ) stimulation has a chondro protective consequence on degenerative arthritis ( OA ) patterned advance in the articulatio genus articulations of elderly guinea hogs. Even in the presence of terrible OA lesions PEMFs maintained a important efficaciousness in cut downing lesion patterned advance. Articular gristle is the joint construction most affected by osteo-arthritis. It is constituted by cells known as chondrocytes. These cells industry, secrete and keep the organic constituent of the extracellular compartment, or gristle matrix, composed of a dense collagen filament web enmeshed in aconcentrated solution of proteoglycans and H2O. They determine the biomechanical behavior of the tissue in response to dynamic burden ( Mow et al, 1989 ; Mow and Wang, 1999 ) . Their malfunction is frequently related to a lessening in proteoglycan concentration, in add-on to underlying bone harm, bone mortification, and bone remodelling, taking to break of the gristle collagen-proteoglycan matrix, and a decreasing ability of gristle and the environing joint tissues to absorb compressive emphasiss. A figure of carnal surveies have shown that when electric field is applied on articular gristle an addition in its proteoglycan content ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) can be found. This is indicated by an addition in its sulfate incorporation. The biological account for this result is non really clear, but may affect information transferred to the chondrocytes refering the nature of their mechanical environment and the province of the extracellular matrix which modifies written text and synthesis ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . Alternately, pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may interact with ligands on the chondrocyte cell surface membrane, and this interaction may take to alterations in internal Ca concentrations that trigger proteoglycan production ( Granziana et al, 1990 ; Lee et Al, 1993 ) . The Fieldss may besides increase chondrocyte synthesis of proteoglycans straight themselves ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) . This response, which may be cell specific may depend upon the electro physical parametric quantities of the applied pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss, including: amplitude, continuance and frequence, in add-on to the denseness of the cells themselves, and, intermittent exposure of gristle cells to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss may be superior to uninterrupted exposure. In footings of continuance, Brighton et Al ( 1984 ) found the incorporation of sulfate into artilage supermolecules was increased within five yearss of pulsed electro magnetic field application to chondrocyte cell civilizations and that this increased even further, after 12 yearss. Furthermore, the civilizations exposed to the electrical Fieldss retained 95 % of their newly formed proteoglycans compared to 70 % of those assayed in control civilizations ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , therefore proposing katabolism was slower in the treated tissue civilizations. Similar findings have been reported by Smith and Nagel ( 1983 ) and although gristle collagen content tends to stay unchanged during exposure to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss ( Aaron and Ciombor, 1993 ) , cartilage proteoglycan molecules that are synthesised in response to pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss appear to be normal in size and composing. Pulsed electro magnetic field interventions might besides assist to continue extracellular matrix unity in early phases of degenerative arthritis, where inordinate proteoglycan is laid down, by down-regulating proteoglycan synthesis and debasement in aco-ordinated mode without impacting structural unity, and by increasing the proliferation of available chondrocytes, and their DNA man-made mechanisms. The mechanical and functional belongingss of articular gristle depend on the complex composing and organisation of its extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The synthesis and debasement of ECM constituents is purely regulated by articular chondrocytes, which maintain gristle homeostasis in normal conditions. In pathological conditions, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , changes in the normal functional activities of chondrocytes contribute to the instability in turnover of ECM constituents with debasement transcending synthesis ensuing in gradual harm of the articular gristle. The articular gristle metamorphosis is controlled by insulin like growing factors which can be modulated by electro magnetic forces. Clinical and carnal surveies show the possibility that exposure to electro magnetic force can hold a positive consequence on intervention of degenerative arthritis. Surveies indicate that PEMF can forestall gristle devolution through an adenosine receptor agonist consequence that can command locally the inflammatory processes that are ever associated with OA patterned advance. Evidence for enhanced cell distinction and extracellular matrix synthesis due to PEMF has been proved by a survey published in the diary of orthopedic research ( 2002 ) . An of import determination of this research was that, Proteoglycans ( PG ) are synthesized earlier and to a greater grade in EMF-exposed bonelets. The grounds for enhanced ripening in the open bonelets is farther supported by a temporal acceleration and quantitative addition in the look of messenger RNA for aggrecan and type II collagen compared to command bonelets on yearss 6 and 8 of development. Accelerated ripening of cartilagematrix by EMF is besides observed morphologically and biochemically. Earlier chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification are apparent. Jointly, these informations suggest that chondrogenic distinction occurs earlier, and that gristle extracellular matrix is synthesized to a greater grade and matures faster in response to EMF exposure. The consequence suggests the occuring of chondrogenic distinction and that, the exposure of assorted constellations of electro magnetic Fieldss can assist mend degenerative arthritis. Decision Overall, the electro magnetic therapy has helped in clinical intervention of degenerative arthritis by pull stringsing cistron look in fix tissues, positive consequence on gristle growing and several other bio-chemical alterations at cellular degree in life cells. Its consequence was found to be important even in elderly patients. However, the effects of magnetic Fieldss on organic structure tissues are complex and look to change from tissue to weave and from different strengths and continuance of the magnetic field applied. Much work demands to be done to optimise such variables as signal constellation and continuance of intervention before throbing electro magnetic field therapy can be by and large recommended. Several research probes though confirmed the high quality of electromagnetic therapy, its extent of positive function on articulatio genus osteo arthritis has to be farther studied before pulling valid decisions ( Hulme et al. , 2002 ) . Mentions Aaron, R K and Ciombor, D McK ( 1993 ) . ‘Therapeutic effects of electro magnetic Fieldss in the stimulation of connective tissue fix ‘ , Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 52, 42-46. Aaron, R.K. , Boyan, B.D. , Ciombor, D.M. , Schwartz, Z. and Simon, B.J. ( 2004 ) . Stimulation of growing factor synthesis by electric and electromagnetic Fieldss. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 410: 30-7. Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, A ; Brandt K, ( 1991 ) . ‘The American College of Rheumatology standards for the categorization and coverage of degenerative arthritis of the hip ‘ . Arthritis Rheum Vol. 34 pp 505-14. Barbero A, Grogan S, Schafer D, Heberer M, MainilVarlet P, Martin I. ( 2004 ) . Age related alterations in human articular chondrocyte output, proliferationand post-expansion chondrogenic capacity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.12:476-84. Bistolfi, F. ( 2006 ) . Evidence of interlinks between bioelectromagnetics and biomechanics: from biophysics to medical natural philosophies. Phys Med. 22 ( 3 ) :71-95. Brighton, C T, Unger, A S and Stanbough, J L ( 1984 ) . ‘In vitro growing of bovine articular gristle chondrocytes in assorted capacitively conjugate electrical Fieldss ‘ , Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 1, 15-22. Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B. ( 2003 ) . Alteration of degenerative arthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field.A morphological survey. Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 11 ( 6 ) :455e62. Coimbor, D.M. , Lester, G. , Aaron, R.K. , Neame, P. and Caterson, B. 2002. Low frequence EMF regulates chondrocyte distinction and look of matrix proteins. J.Orthop Res. 20 ( 1 ) :40-50. Diniz P, Soejima K. and Ito G. ( 2002 ) . Nitric oxide mediates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on the osteoblast proliferation and distinction. Nitric Oxide. 7 ( 1 ) :18e23. Fini, M. , Giavaresi, G. , Carpi, A. , Nicolini, A. , Setti, S. and Giardino, R. ( 2005 ) . Effectss of pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss on articular hyaline gristle: reappraisal of experimental and clinical surveies. Biomed pharmacother. 59 ( 7 ) :388-94. Fini, M. , Torricelli, P. , Giavaresi, G. , Aldini, N.N. , Cavani, F. , Setti, S. , Nicolini, A. , Carpi, A. and Giardino, R. ( 2007 ) . Consequence of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on articulatio genus gristle, subchondral and epyphiseal trabeculate bone of elderly Dunkin Hartley guinea hogs. Biomed Pharmacother. E publication. April issue. Graziana, A, Ranjeva, R and Teissie, J ( 1990 ) . ‘External electric Fieldss stimulate the electrogenic calcium/sodium exchange in works energids ‘ , Biochemistry, 29, 8313-18. Hulme, J. , Robinson, V. , DeBie, R. , Wells, G. , Judd, M. and Tugwell, P. 2002. Electromagnetic Fieldss for the intervention of degenerative arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD003523. Keuttner KE A ; Goldberg V ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1995 ) . Osteoarthritic upsets, Academy of orthopaedic sawboness: Rosemont, II pp 21-5 LIU, H. , ABBOTT, J. and THE LATE BEE, J.A. ( 1996 ) . Pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss influence hyaline gristle extracellular matrix composing without impacting molecular construction. Osteoarthritis gristle. 4 ( 1 ) : 63-76. Mow, V C, Proctor, C S and Kelly, M C ( 1989 ) . ‘Biomechanics of articular gristle ‘ , in Nordin, M and Frankel, V H ( explosive detection systems ) Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lea and Febiger, New York, pages 31-57. Mow, V C and Wang, C C ( 1999 ) . ‘Some biotechnology considerations for tissue technology of articular gristle ‘ , Clinical Orthopedicss and Related Research, 367S, S204-S223. Olyaee Manesh A, Flemming K, Cullum NA, Ravaghi H. ( 2006 ) . Electro magnetic therapy for handling force per unit area ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. The Cochrane Collaboration. 19 April, 2006. Pipitone N A ; Scott D. L. ( 2001 ) . ‘Magnetic Pulse Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study ‘ Current Medical Research and Opinion, Vol 17, No 3, pp. 190-196 ( 7 ) Sadlonova J. and Korpas J. ( 1999 ) . Personal experience in the usage of magnetotherapy in diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Bratisl Lek Listy.100 ( 12 ) :678e81. Smith, R L and Nagel, D A ( 1983 ) . ‘Effects of pulsating electromagnetic Fieldss on bone growing and articular gristle ‘ , Clinical Orthopedicss and Related Research, 181, 277-282. G. Thamsborg M.D.y, A. Florescu M.D.y, P. Oturai M.D.z, E. Fallentin M.D.x, K. Tritsaris Ph.D.k and S. Dissing Dr.Sci.k. ( 2005 ) . Treatment of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis with pulsed electromagnetic Fieldss: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Osteoarthritis gristle. 13 ( 7 ) : 575-581. Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R. ( 1994 ) . The consequence of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in the intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus and cervical spinal column. Report of randomized, dual blind, placebo controlled tests. J Rheumatol 21 ( 10 ) :1903e11. Trock, D.H, Bollet, A.J A ; Markill R. ( 1994 ) . ‘The consequence of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in the intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus and cervical spinal column. Report of randomized, dual blind, placebo controlled tests ‘ . J Rheumatol vol: 21 No 10 pp 1903-11 Trock, D.H. ( 1993 ) . ‘A double-blind test of the clinical effects of pulsed electro magnetic Fieldss in degenerative arthritis ‘ . J Rheumatol vol:20 No.3 pp456-460. Trock.D. ( 2000 ) . ‘Investigational Treatment for Musculoskeletal Disorders ‘ . Electro magnetic Fieldss and Magnets vol:26 No 1 pp 51-62 Zizic T.M, Hoffman K.C, Holt P.A, Hungerford D.S, O’Dell J.R, Jacobs M.A. ( 1995 ) . The intervention of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus with pulsed electrical stimulation. J Rheumatol. 22 ( 9 ) :1757e61. How to cite A Review Of Electro Magnet Therapy Health Essay, Essay examples

Segmentation - Targeting - Differentiation and Positioning Strategy

Question: Discuss about theSegmentation,Targeting, Differentiation and Positioning Strategy. Answer: Background The food industry in Australia supplies a diverse range of products. The industry meets the consumer trends such as health and wellbeing which is also convenient and pays value for money. The food and beverage industry in the country contributes in terms of financially and providing employment (Williams, 2017). Sushi Sushi was first launched in Australia 20 years ago. The company has more than 120 locations worldwide. Sushi Sushi offers Japanese cuisine, including additional of salads to the menu. The chefs prepare meals by using ingredients like avocados, authentic Koshihikari rice and Tasmanian salmon (Hoel, et.al. 2015). Market Segmentation The potential market is segmented by Sushi Sushi on the basis of consumer market. Demographic Segmentation Geographic Segmentation Psychographic Segmentation Behavioural Segmentation The demographic segment divides the consumer market into groups on the basis of demographic variables such as age, gender, income, occupation, education and religion. The buyers can be divided into different geographic units such as state, cities, nations, region or neighbourhood. The Psychographic segmentation relates to products, buying behaviour mainly depends on lifestyle and personality characteristics. The buyers are divided on the basis of knowledge, attitude and response towards a product. Segmenting according to age is a great strategy for personalized marketing. For instance, Sushi Sushi targets teenagers, adults and seniors. Income: The market is also segmented on the basis of income. It affects purchasing power and eating habits of consumers. The geographic variables influence need of consumers such as climate, natural resources and territory. Sushi Sushi divides the market into regions because the geographic variables can cause need and want of consumers differ from one region to another. The company segments personality characteristics according to competitiveness, ambitions, aggressiveness, introvert, extrovert etc. The lifestyle of people provides broad view of consumers. So the lifestyle analysis is made on the basis of interest and taste of consumers. On the basis of behaviour market can be segmented on the basis of usage rate which is light, medium and heavy users. The buyers can also be segmented on the basis of their loyalty like hard core loyal, split loyal, shifting loyal and switchers. Appropriate new market segments to be used as potential target market Health conscious people Sushi Sushi targets health conscious people as it is one of the healthy meal options. Fast food lovers People who prefer to eat fast food can also be targeted as it can be new option for them to try. Target Market From the above two options Sushi Sushi can choose segment of health conscious people. As diet food is the new trend in Australia. The people who are diet conscious prefer to eat Sushi as it has a great source of carbohydrates and has negligible fat (Huang, et. al. 2017). It lowers the risk of heart disease, ensures healthy hormonal balance, increases red blood cell count and reduces risk of cancer. So, there is great scope of targeting health conscious people as they can prefer it in their daily meal. The consumer profile includes: Males and females of age 18-34. People who value fresh food. Active, on the go and health consciousness people. People who value packaged food. People who are obliged of value and ability to modify taste of meal. The consumer who value unique method to prepare product: Sushi is made available in different options. Differentiation and Positioning Strategy Product quality: The quality of product differentiates it from the competitors in market. Sushi is a Japanese dish. The products can be imported from Japan to provide better quality. The quality of product ensures more reliability and long term durability (Carey, Caraher, Lawrence Friel, 2016). Competitors: The competitors can be used to establish positioning. It can be made possible by contrasting Sushi Sushi product with competitors. The characteristics of products should be specified to position it better than others. Price: The price can be used to position brand. Sushi Sushi can decide the prices by evaluating the price of competitors. It should keep the prices which are sufficient enough to attract the target market. Promotion: The company can differentiate itself by sale and marketing channels such as inside sales, outside sales, catalogue, web, etc. These all channels can be used together in an integrated manner (Perry Lamb, 2016). Brand strategy: Great brand strategy enunciates differentiation of company against competitors. Sushi Sushi is an already established brand of Japan. So, it can easily differentiate itself from competitors in Australia by using unique value proposition. Now a days brand strategy is the most appropriate one as people are already known from brand. New value proposition The company can new value proposition by offering five products for $4. Such combos are attractive to customers. It is the best strategy to use in the new target market. Positioning statement Sushi Sushi can use its positioning statement double delicious to position itself better in the Australian market (Payne, Frow Eggert, 2017). Positioning map Reference List Carey, R., Caraher, M., Lawrence, M. and Friel, S., 2016. Opportunities and challenges in developing a whole-of-government national food and nutrition policy: lessons from Australias National Food Plan.Public health nutrition,19(1), pp.3-14. Hoel, S., Mehli, L., Bruheim, T., Vadstein, O. and Jakobsen, A.N., 2015. Assessment of microbiological quality of retail fresh sushi from selected sources in Norway.Journal of food protection,78(5), pp.977-982. Huang, H.W., Wu, S.J., Lu, J.K., Shyu, Y.T. and Wang, C.Y., 2017. Current status and future trends of high-pressure processing in food industry.Food Control,72, pp.1-8. Payne, A., Frow, P. and Eggert, A., 2017. The customer value proposition: evolution, development, and application in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,45(4), pp.467-489. Perry, L.B. and Lamb, S., 2016. Curricular differentiation and stratification in Australia.Orbis scholae,10(3), pp.27-47. Williams, G., 2017. Sustaining Australia's food and agribusiness sector.Food Australia,69(4), p.20.

Starry Night Over the Rhone Painting by Vincent Van Gogh Essay Example For Students

Starry Night Over the Rhone Painting by Vincent Van Gogh Essay Starry Night Over the Rhine was painted along the banks of the Rhine River. What I first see when I look at this painting is the city lights reflecting off the water while a couple takes a walk on the nearby shore. The sky is filled with stars, including the Great Bear, commonly known as the Big Dipper. Van Gogh shifted the sky around in order to create an even more extraordinary display of stars. From his point of view the town of Arles lay to the south west; the Big Dipper he painted in the sky was actually in the north behind him. Starry Night Over the Rhà ´ne We will write a custom essay on Starry Night Over the Rhone Painting by Vincent Van Gogh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Towards the left you can see the towers of Saint Julienne and Saint Trophies, and the bridge connecting Arles to Tranquiller on the right. In the far horizon, a church steeple is shown. Starry Night Over the Rhine was described in a letter from Vincent Van Gogh as a cheerful piece, but when the painting was finished almost a year later, it had a revised mood and meaning. The work is dark, but serene. Many believe that the swelling depression in Van Gogh distorted the original sketchs romantic charm. This painting is a reflection of inner torment and mental distress. The animated strokes, the bright, vivacious colors of the stars contrasting against the dark blues and blacks of the night reveal his cry for hope, light and love. The focal point of Starry Night Over the Rhine is the constellation of the Big Dipper. Vincent Van Gogh brings attention to the Big Dipper by using color and value. The sky is the lightest shade of blue around the Big Dipper. The bright yellow stars in the constellation contrast with the blue to bring focus to them. Van Gogh uses the lines in the ground under the couple and around the edge f the water to make a circular motion that brings the eyes back to the focal point of the Big Dipper. Van Gogh also uses contrasting directional lines in the sky to make the stars stand out. The texture of the entire painting is very thick because of the method of impasto that Van Gogh used. A closer look at the Starry Night Over the Rhine reveals that Vincent Van Gogh gave equal visual weight to all the things that he painted. In this painting there is no visual distinction between the earth and the sky. Van Gogh shows unity throughout the piece with the lights, both natural and an-made. For every star or group of stars there is a city light or group of lights, which then has a reflection in the water. At the waters edge near the couple, it is nearly impossible to see the distinction between land and water. The low contrast makes it hard to tell whether the ship is sinking in the water, or merely Just docked. The bright lights have a high contrast to the dark blue-black sky and water. The way the water is depicted creates a rhythm that gives the illusion of waves rippling. The Starry Night Over the Rhine is an oil painting on canvas and the technique is broad ND sweeping brushstrokes. Vincent Van Gogh also used the technique of impasto in this painting. Impasto is very thick application of paint, usually wet on wet. This technique gives the painting texture and movement. Van Gogh painted rapidly, with a sense of urgency, using the paint straight from the tube. Van Gogh painted emotionally, trying to throw his heart onto the canvas and evoke feeling. (http:// www. Ratable. Com/artists/Vincent_van_Gogh/paintings/starry_night_over_the_Rhine) When I look at The Starry Night Over the Rhine, I feel infinite. .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .postImageUrl , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:hover , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:visited , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:active { border:0!important; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:active , .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua96e12fec7599ed2a2274b9fd63bf8af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Clown Of 12Th Night, Feste EssayThis painting makes me feel at peace, like I could Just look at it forever. It reminds me of the song Bella Note from Lady and the Tramp. A quote I particularly like from Vincent Van Gogh is l dont know anything with certainty, but seeing the stars makes me dream. This painting truly exhibits this quote. The Starry Night Over the Rhine is magical and beautiful. It is one of very few pieces of artwork that I feel this way about, which is why I selected it for this assignment. I can not imagine a better piece of art to own.

Free Essays on Terrorism & America

Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a... Free Essays on Terrorism & America Free Essays on Terrorism & America Terrorism & America Terrorism wasn’t something that Americans thought much of up until the 1990’s. Prior to the 90’s, Americans felt secure against any major political violence at home. Since then, we have been introduced to growing ways of our vulnerability. With 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1995 killing 169 has raised the possibility of a sustained campaign of violence on U.S. soil. There hasn’t been a war on U.S. soil since the Civil War. The problem with terrorism now is that we don’t know what to expect. The hostility built up mostly in the Middle East has yet to seriously backfire on us. We have to understand what terrorism is and how to deal with it in order to take part in counter terrorism. Terrorist’s actions aren’t considered acts of war. Rather, proof that they can beat us and get away at it. Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines terrorism as  ¹the systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.  ²An atmosphere of threat or violence. What Americans really think of when something like 9/11 or the Oklahoma City bombings happen is, why? Definition What terrorism really is as far as the U.S. government sees it is, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience.† This definition has four main elements. The first, premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit the act that would qualify as terrorism. It isn’t a matter of accident. The second element, political motivation, is what all terrorists have in common and separates them from other violent criminals, it is the claim to be serving some greater good. The noncombatant target element explains itself. Terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return. The final part of terrorism deals with sub national groups. This would be a...

Frankenstein-Vol.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frankenstein-Vol.3 - Essay Example In brief, Victor who is the creator of an evil creature now wants to get rid of him but he could not do so as the creature has constantly kept an eye on him. The creature wants Victor to create a female for him just like he created him joining pieces of several corpses. He gets threatening notes from the creature that in case of failure to do so; the creature will not let Victor marry Elizabeth. Victor has become the creatures "slave," and his life is entirely of the creatures design. It is no longer clear who is the creator, who the creation. Victor, after experiencing several phases of fear and depression within him decides to fulfill the desire of the creature but Frankenstein is repulsed by the thought that the two monsters might beget children; thereby creating a new race that could ultimately destroy all humanity. Victor decides that unleashing such a bane upon mankind would be of the utmost selfishness and tears the half finished creature (bride of creature) into pieces. The c reature upon knowing about the broken promise intimidate Victor with a chilling promise that the creature would be with him on his wedding night. The creature murdered his friend ‘Henry’ and Victor was held responsible for his murder. Victor lies in a delirium of fever and confusion. When Victor finally emerges from his delirium he immediately asks after the safety of Elizabeth. His fathers presence slowly begins to regain his health and after getting through such a dilemma, he marry Elizabeth but just before his wedding night, Elizabeth was murdered and ruined by the creature. Mary Shelley wants the reader to realize that no human has the power to create another being and if it becomes possible, the resultant would nothing but the evil who will, unlike humans not consider his creator to be his master. I, however agree with this fact that only God has the power to create beings, therefore they could not threaten him. I agree upon the truth the writer wanted the

Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Planning - Essay Example You are required to address all of the pointsin each of thesections. You may either answer each point individually or you may choose to respond to all points in the one discussion of paragraphs using appropriate headings and sub-headings. 1. Your Co-operative Education role –technical skills: including being knowledgeable in your major field(s) of studybydemonstrating the application of knowledge from your major(s) to your Co-operative Education Placement You are required to address all of the points below. You may include further comments or discussion that is relevant. You must integrate relevant concepts, models, frameworks, theories and/or technical competencies (use in text references) to support your discussion. 123 Ltd was established in 2001 and is the largest agency company in USA. We do immigration consultancy, international students’ recruitment, marketing and promotion NZ schools, and tutoring service. My CPO produced more than 1000 students over the last 10 years At the moment, I am working with an international student recruitment agency as an assistant. We recruit international students in addition to marketing and promoting NZ schools. My position is that of an assistant and therefore I am deeply involved in the day to day administrative functions of the organisation. This is a great opportunity for me as a student to get exposure to the corporate world, learn how to work with people and more importantly acquire more practical knowledge of economics in real life. Briefly describe each of your key tasks or activities that relate to your major(s). For each key task or activity, identify and briefly explain a comprehensive range of theories, concepts, models, frameworks and/or technical competencies from your major(s) and discuss how they could apply. Using the available historical data I applied regression models to predict future exchange rates between the KRW & NZD. Using regression analysis I was also able to predict the

The Industrial And Commercial Bank Of China

The Industrial And Commercial Bank Of China The main aspect which has been taken into account in this report addresses the understanding of various global business strategies and organisation form and structure of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) locally and globally to earn its competetive advantage. The relevant theories were taken into consideration and the in-depth analysis of global business strategy which were used by ICBC was undertaken. This report contains background informatin of the bank. The Chineses banking enviornment was taken into consideration as well as the internal enviornment of the company was analysed with the help of SWOT, PESTEL and Porter 5 forces frameworks. To illustrate the performance of the ICBC a resource audit, which includes assets, resources and core competencies was presented. This report is focuses on the identification of companys local and global corporate strategy . This report concludes with the strategic implementation of its policies, challenges which are being faced by ICBC and reccomendation to deal with those challenges. Introduction: ICBC offers its customers various financial services. ICBC operates all across the globe. According to Forbes (2011) ICBC is the seventh largest publich company. History of ICBC: ICBC started with registered capital of 20.8 billion Yuan and the capital and assets added up-to 333.3 billion Yuan. In the late eighties ICBC became the formal member of International Saving Banks Institute. In October 1989 ICBC introduced the Peony Quasi Credit Card for the first time. The ICBC network in 91 cities got connected with a nationwide computer network system in October 1990. In the early nineties the bank was according to the Euromoney Journal was ranked number 8 in terms of capital share. ICBC went global in March 1992 and its first overseas subsidiary was set up in Singapore. In November 1995 ICBC expanded out of Asia and their first office in Europe was in London. ICBC went online in December 1997 and their official website was launched. ICBC jointly with Hong Kong Bank of East Asia acquired ICBC-BEA Finance Shareholding Co. Ltd with a 75% of shareholding in February 1998. In September 1999 ICBC launched 95588 its telephone banking services nationwide and in February and August 2000 respectively, ICBC began its Corporate Internet Banking and Personal Internet Banking services. In May of 2002 Peony Card Centre was established and it became the first professional bankcard business organization in China Peony Card became a sought after brand. Furthermore, in 2003 ICBC signed Agreement with Microsoft (China) in Beijing for the co-operation of Personal Internet Bankings security. The same year on December 18, ICBC launched its new personal Internet banking product [emailprotected]. In February 2004 PricewaterhouseCoopers designed ICBCs 8 year plan for corporate governance system and over-all risk management reform system and ICBC put it in practice in April 2005 under the State Councils Approval. Moreover on October 27, 2009, with 236 billion restricted shares released to the market ICBC becomes the No.1 A-share quoted company and the largest bank in the world by market capitalization. In the last quarter of 2009 the ICBC has expanded itself as it h ad received the business licence to operate in ICBC Malaysia Company Limited from Bank Negara Malaysia and ICBC Hanoi Branch, the first license issued to a foreign bank this year. December 16, 2009, The Central Bank of United Arab Emirates (UAE) officially approved and issued a wholesale banking license to ICBC to set up a branch in Abu Dhabi, a new ICBC branch in the Middle East for ICBC to spread its wings in the region. Organisational structure of ICBC: Organisational structure can be considered as a pyramid shaped system that positions the relations between the entities within an organisation vertically. Authority, power and responsibility are focused at the top and the decisions are made here and are implemented by the rest of the organisation. (Daft, Murphy, Willmott, 2010) The structure of ICBC is a hybrid structure, a combination of characteristics of various approaches tailored to specific strategic needs (Daft,2007). Functional and divisional structures combined create the organisational strucutre of ICBC. The organisation structure of ICBC consists of series of supportive departments expert in functional duties, containing Comprehensive Administration Departments, supervisory Supporting Departments and Affiliated Institutions. In the functions economy of scale is encourged due to functional structure. A management model of centralized legal person authorization and controlling one level down and supervising two levels lower is implemented by ICBC. The banking system of ICBC is centeralised in one location. (ICBC, 2009) The strategic business unit refers to the divisional structure. ICBC contains a number of Business Development Departments: Corporate Banking, personal banking, investment banking and e-banking, etc. which can fullfil individual needs and satisfactions of clients. A hybrid structure proposes greater flexibility for organisation (Daft, 2007) that aligns with the current corporate aims and strategy with divisional goals, functional expertise and productivity. Source: ICBC Annual Report 2005 The latest chart of organisation is attached in the appendix. The distribution of power: The distribution of power has been more decentralised and flexible after ICBC turned into a public corporation as compare to early times when it was not listed. Now every hierarchical level has a decent chance to take their decision on their own. Hence, the working attitudes of its employees might increase. Now they will be more motivated as they are part of decision making process and will share the success as well as the losses of the company. The biggest drawback of this managemnt style will be communication network. With decentralising, it will be difficult to communicate with other hierachical levels because of their interest conflicts. (ICBC, 2009) Enviornmental Scanning: To analyse the strategic position of any company there are several frameworks, techniques, and methods such as SWOT analysis, PESTEL and Porters 5 forces available. SWOT-Analysis: SWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis is used to identify the internal and external factors which can be used to achieve a certain goal or improve the performance of any business. Strengths and Weaknesses are the internal factors of an organisation and Opportunities and Threats are the external factors to that organisation. The internal factors relate to any company and the external factors relate to the external environment of the organisation. (What is SWOT Analysis, 2011) Strengths: With a market value of $239,5 billion, ICBC is worlds leading bank in the world by market capitalization and it is also one of the Big Four in the domestic Chinese banking industry and has a leading marketing share in China. Due to a strong distribution of network which consist of 18,000 domestic institutions, 203 overseas institutions and over 1,440 correspondent banks worldwide, as well as 7,085 self-service banking centres and 28,656 automated teller machines ICBC has been providing its financial services to (3.10 million corporate banking, 190 million personal banking ) customers. ICBC also developed further the cash management as it got the Best RMB Cash Management Services (China) Award by the magazines The Asset and FinanceAsia. in 2008 with the score of 96.23 ICBC topped the list of 50 Most Honoured Listed Companies of China as well as was awarded the best custodian bank by The Asset, Global Custodian, Global Finance and Securities Times. Source: own presentation With 240 million issued bank cards in 2008 ICBC was the largest credit card issuing bank in China, an increase of 28.20 million over the end of 2007. Therefore, Visa and MasterCard had awarded ICBC with Award for Leading Technology of Credit Card and Best Product Innovation of the Year respectively. ICBC is into investment banking, wealth management, insurance and asset management which lead it to the universal banking model alongside the traditional banking which helped them to diversify their revenue flow. In FY2008 and FY2009, the bank generated around 52% of total revenues from corporate banking, personal banking generates 32% of revenues, treasury and other operations contribute 16% of the total revenues. Diverse sources of revenue such as settlement, clearing and cash management, investment banking, corporate wealth management, asset fiduciary, guarantee and commitment were the main causes for non-interest income. Weaknesses: ICBCs allowance in financial year (FY) 2008 and FY2009 amounted to 130.15% and 164.41% of total non-performing loans which was higher than the impairment losses on loans in absolute terms of last two years. This increase in allowances was on account of both external and internal factors. Hence, the profitability of the bank was affected by the increased allowances for impairments. Opportunities: At the end of 2010, ICBC had 203 branches in 18 overseas countries and regions and established correspondent bank relationships with 1,358 overseas banks in 122 countries and regions all across the globe. According to Swiss Re, Total takaful premiums written in 2007 was about US$1.7 billion, and it is expected to propagate to US$7 billion by 2015. ICBC can secure the benefits of being the first Chinese player venturing into Islamic banking. Several products and new services has been introduced by the ICBC after the financial crisis as well as facilitating the foreign trade companies to conduct export and import business. Chinas insurance market is growing rapidly. . In 2013, the Chinese insurance market is forecast to have a gross premium income of $353.4 billion, an increase of over 100% since 2008. Threats: After enjoying the double digit growth for last several years, and the banking industry was benefited most of it but late Chinese economy is having a slight decline. In second quarter of 2010, Chinas economy grew by 10.3%, down from 11.9% in the first quarter of 2010 and it might remain the same for the last 2 quarters as well. With emerging China several foreign banks are interested in or already started to undertake a number of businesses, including custodian services investors, insurance agency business etc. Foreign banks in China are allowed to offer over 100 types of products and services under 12 broad categories of business activity. According to the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), within the five years since Chinas WTO accession in early 2002, operational entities opened by foreign banks increased from 190 to 312. Since foreign institutional investors were first allowed to invest in Chinese banks starting in 1996, 35 overseas banks have acquired stakes in 23 Chinese banks by 2008. As competition was continued to intensify in 2009. Hence, this could affect the revenues and profits of the bank. PESTEL Analysis: PESTEL is not just the internal environment but also the macro-economic factors affecting the external environment of a company affect the way it conducts business. These factors need to be kept in mind while formulating strategies and making decisions for the future. Demand and supply may fluctuate due to a number of vital variables that may not be in the control of the management. PEST-EL analysis is a framework used for categorizing Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal issues influencing the operating environment of the organization (Johnson and Scholes 2008). Political: In 1976 China made a huge breakthrough when it abandoned its old autocratic socialist system and turned into to modern Socialism which was more focused on Market-oriented economy. China has intensified its involvement to international organization since 1990s. After becoming the member of World Trade Organisation (WTO) China has opened the doors for the foreign banks to enter the Chinese banking industry. Economic: China besides India is one of the emerging giants and it has already occupied the second place as worlds biggest economy after USA. Therefore, China is a very attractive destination for all the foreign companies especially in the manufacturing sector. There is a slight decline in the Chinese Economy due to the financial crisis but the forecast for the coming years is much brighter. In comparison to planned economy before 1976, China is reforming its economy now for a more open market and free trade with other countries. Social: China ranks at the top in terms of population which is 1,331,460,000 till 2009. China lacks the high potential individuals and has the insufficient leadership which can follow the rapid economic growth. To control the population the policy of one child is not seen everywhere with the correct frame of mind. The biggest hurdle for all the foreign companies is the language. Chinese people are tied strongly with their culture therefore local language is the only way to conduct the business. Technological: Since the introduction and popularity of Internet online shopping is more into practice now in China According to CNNIC the number of online purchasers is 420 million. Internet Banking and Telebanking is becoming more common now. In 2006 China had approximately 400 million mobile phone users and 6.1 million of them are connected online. Environmental: The natural resources such as land water and air and the environment of China has been damaged seriously by its rapid economic progression. A large amount of usage of polluted energy such as Coal and oil. China is the third largest coal and oil consumer in the world. Human right Issue (500,000 individuals are in custody without any charge and trial and 1 million cannot access to Legal system. (Amnesty International) Legal: A set of policies has been established by the Bank of China to fight against white colour crimes. More than 200 administrative rules and regularity documents has been implemented by China Banking Regularity Commission to control the financial crimes. China offers a open market to the foreign banks. Porters 5 Forces Framework: According to Porter there are 5 main forces which can shape every market and industry. These five main forces assist to figure out the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. Porters 5 forces framework on banking industry in China will provide us a sutiable tool to depict ICBCs position in the chinese banking sector. Being a leader in the banking industry ICBC has to deal with all these forces to sustain its top ranked position. These five forces are: risk of new entrants, rivalry, bargaining powes of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and threat of subtitute prodcut. Porters 5 forces framework for ICBC as follows: Risk of new entrants: The enty barrier for foreign banks has disappeared when China Joined the WTO in 2002. Many foreign banks consider China a profitable destination for banking industry. Several finanacial and non financial companies can easily come to China and start operating their business. Rivalry: Besides the Big Four banks in China several other foreign banks have started their operation in China which has intensified the rivalry which has been there forever. Now ICBC has to compete not only with the Big Four sondern with big foreign banks such as HSBC. Bargaining power of buyers: Banking industry is a high buyer concentration industry. China is the largest country in terms of its population. A significant number of people use bank service, such as deposit money, mortgage, loan, investment, insurance and currency exchange these days. Internet is changing everyones life customers can easily obtain the information via internet. In the banking industry interest rate and service charge are senestive indicators for customers. In recent years various subtitute products and services are available for example currency exchange, insurances and loans and they are provided normally by the other financial institutions. Bargaining power of supplier: Credit Card industry is a high concentration ratio industry and ICBC has been awarded with awards from the leading companies such as VISA and MasterCard Worldwide. Although few Aother companies also provide credit card system, such as JCB and American Express but theie market share in the world is much less than VISA and MAstercard. So switiching cost might be high for ICBC. Substitute products: Internet made a huge difference to many organisations when it comes to deal with money. Now they do not need to transfer huge ammouts through banks. They can do the same with other low charge service and it is also more convinient. The services such as Real-time money transfer (i.e. Western Union), real-time payment (i.e. Paypal), currency exchange (i.e. Xe.com) and insurance (i.e. InsWeb.com) through Internet provide a high quality but low service charge service. Resource audit: Opportunities can be created and exploit in the external environment in which a business usually operates. Besides these opportunities threats are also present which can impair any business. However, to deal with these threats and exploit the opportunities, a business requires the right resources and capabilities. The current holding resources of any company can be recognized by the resource audit. These resources can be either owned (e.g. plant, machinery) or acquired from other resources such as partnerships and joint ventures. Financial resources: Existing Finance: According to the first quarterly report (2011) of ICBC, the bank has continued to push forward to their growth and obtained a sustainable profit as compare to last year. The total assets have an increase of 6.92% from the last year and its value is now 14,389,996 (RMB in million). Besides the assets the liabilities have also increased simultaneously and its value is now 13,517,771(RMB in million) which are 6.97% more than last quarter. The equity attributable to equity holders has an increment of double digit (10.54%). Net profit for this period is 53,836 (RMB in million) which is 29.03% more than the first quarter of 2010. The result shows the successful implementation of their strategy local and globally. Human resources: ICBC is enjoying the services of 387,000 employees till December 2010 at its global and local centres. Physical resources: ICBC has till now around 18,000 outlets and 23,000 ATMs all over China. Intangible resources: As being the leading institute in the banking industry ICBC is enjoying their good brand image. ICBC has also obtained the partnerships with several banks all across the world especially in Africa. ICBC has also won the reputation for their Internet banking services. ICBC has one of the secure internet banking system in China. Current Strategy: In June 2009 ICBC had introduced its three year new Development Strategy Plan and Implementation Scheme of that plan to all its offices. In the last ten years of ICBCs strategic transformation this plan is the second three year plan and it was based on the implementation experience of the development strategy plan of years between 2006 and 2008. This plan was produced after a comprehensive analysis of the latest development of ICBC and the economic and financial trends at domestic level and global level. Implementation experience of old Plan (2006-2008): The base of this strategic plan was laid on the experience of achievements and failures which had been achieved by ICBC in last 20 years as well as on the direction of Chinas financial reforms. The aim was set to achieve this strategic transformation within next 10 years. The strategies such as adjustment of management structure, development by areas, innovation, service differentiation, cross-border management, comprehensive risk control, and emphasis on technology and human capital were executed successfully and ICBC got better results than it originally expected. Therefore, at the end of 2008 ICBC became the number one ranked bank in market value as well as it became the most profitable bank in the world. ICBC was mainly successful because it enhanced the capability of comprehensive profit-making, paid a close attention to risk control and decided to achieve transformation in self-development. ICBCc new three year Plan (2009-2011): The successful implementation of previous strategic plan gave ICBC the assurance to carry out transformation strategy further to sustain the progress in development. The new plan offers the guiding idea that Guided by scientific outlook on development, striving to enhance core competitiveness, continuing to promote management structural transformation, developing more innovations, and achieving fast, stable and sustainable development of ICBC to seize opportunities to strengthen and to brace its market position. To apply this strategy ICBC has decided to start from the reality and carry out the scientific outlook on development into every step of transition. The New Plan proposes ten strategic projects which attach emphasis to structure adjustment, finance innovation, service upgrading and etc., and a set of precise objectives and measures for various regions and for diverse services according to the general objective and task design of the ten strategic projects. For the successful execution of the strategies ICBC also introduced an implementation scheme to make thorough and specific arrangements of the tasks and responsibilities for different departments and branch offices. ICBC establishes coordination mechanisms to coordinate the New Plan to ensure the flexibility and adaptability. Furthermore, at the start of each year, required adjustments will be made to the evaluate indicators according to the actual changes in the business environment and the implementation effect of the new plan in the preceding year. The existing problems, implementation progress and the implementation situation would be strictly monitored through regular inspections and reported to the Board of directors. To accommodate their corporate social responsibilities ICBC has developed poverty alleviation project in Nanjiang County and Tongjiang County in Sichuan Province and Chengkou County in the city of Chongqing. Over 300 (RMB in millions) has ICBC invested already in this project. This amount includes loans as well as the donations which have been distributed by the bank to eight hope projects which includes schools and medical treatment centres. There are several other projects which ICBC is directly responsible or helping them to improve the social life of the people of China. According to the Annual Report Announcement 2010 ICBC has earned more profit in 2010 as compare to 2009. ICBC is getting those results because of their clear and good implementation of that strategy. Besides the increased profit overseas asset size had also increased in the last year as shown in the following diagram. That explains very clearly that ICBC is on the right path regarding their domestic and global strategy. The exceptional outcome of ICBC in 2010 especially at a time when it was concerned with a complex and changing operating environment was mainly a result of the Banks successful implementation of its strategy at home as well as overseas. 12 new branches had been established in 2010 and a global network encompassing 203 overseas subsidiaries placed in 28 countries, spreading over five continents worldwide. Every business company faces threats and challenges although the numbers depict the different picture. These challenges could be overcome by the company by bringing some minor changes in their business strategy. As many other companies ICBC also faces some challenges which needed to be addressed. Firstly, ICBC is growing very rapidly which can cause some problem as it may affect their quality of service. Secondly the bigger challenge which is coming in the way of ICBC is the competition with foreign banks. After several foreign banks entering China makes hard for the ICBC. Now ICBC has more competition and even small mistakes can lead to huge financial and customer losses. Reccomendations for improvement: ICBC is facing a few challenges during their successful stint. These challenges has been mentioned above. These are not huge challenges and does not need any drastic changes in their strategy doemstically and globally. First challenge which was mentioned is their rapid growth. To grow fast is not a challenge unless you start compromising on the quality of your services. To keep in check this problem they need more check and balance in their organsiational structuer. As I mentioned above in the organisational structure that the main problem of their structure is communication problem. When IC BC can sort out that problem then there will be no compromise in the quality. Secondly, the callenge which can cause ICBC more problem is the competition in the chinese banking sector with the foreign banks as well as with the chinese banks. These foreign banks are entering China with much more oncoming force. Now ICBC can not afford any mishandling with their customer. A small mistake can lead ICBC to huge financial and customer loses. ICBC needs to transform their strategy in a way that they deal with their competetors in a way that they do not lose any customers locally as well as globally.